Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Essays

Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Essays Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Paper Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Report Paper We therefore concluded that only small molecules like glucose and iodine can permeate through the bag, starch is too large. Introduction This lab has several key objectives. First, to learn about diffusion and osmosis, and the different factors that affect the rate at which these processes take place. In order for cells to maintain a stable state, they must be able to regulate the particles that move through the cytoplasm, and across its membranes. Diffusion and osmosis are the two physical processes that insure these things take place for the cells to operate smoothly. Second, to gain a better understanding of he role of selectively permeable membranes in osmosis, and to learn about the significance of hypotonic, isotonic, or hypersonic solutions in relation. It is even possible to reversing osmosis! This process is used as method of water purification because it enables salt and wastes to be permeated out of the fresh water (Ginsberg, Middlebrows, 1986). Most importantly, the purpose of this lab was to learn to apply these concepts to the cellular and environmental levels that we encounter in everyday life. Here are the specific points to each experiment. The purpose of this experiment was to observe the carmine particles in motion in order to gain a better understanding of the Brownian movement and the role of kinetic energy in diffusion. Brownian motion and diffusion can play a major role in the transportation of different particles in many different cellular processes. One example is that diffusion carries acting monomers to the site where they polymeric into F-acting- the framework for the cytokines in plants and animals! (Asks 1989). B. Potato Core experiment The purpose of this experiment was to try to estimate the similarity of the potato tuber tissue after submersing it in a series of sucrose solutions with different molarities. The solution in which the incubated potato has the smallest change in weight will be approximately equal to the similarity of the potato. We hypothesized that the similarity of the potato would be 0. MM. Based on this hypothesis, we predicted that if the similarity of the potato were 0. 3, then the percent weight change would be (almost) zero. Cells are primarily composed of water, and are termed selectively permeable since they allow water to move freely through the cytoplasm, but block the flow of macromolecules (Morgan, Carter 2005). Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute/high water concentration (hypotonic) to an area of high solute/low water concentration (hypersonic). Osmotic pressure is the force that can be applied to prevent water from flowing in this fashion (Morgan, Carter 2005). A thorough understanding of these concepts is crucial in the medical field because all intravenous solutions administered to a patient must be isotonic, or have the same osmotic pressure as those of bodily fluids. (Trot 2008). If a certain solution or medication administered was hypotonic to the patients body fluids, too much water would flow into the cells, which would cause them o burst or undergo Allis. Likewise, if a patient is given a hypersonic IV, the cells would shrink (create) because water would flow out of the cell. (Trot, 2008). Figure 1 shows this concept applied to red blood cells. Solute concentration is also important for the survival of plants. If plant cells lost too much water, they would die. This is why salting fields was a common, devastating war tactic because it would kill the crops in the field and create major food shortages! (The Biology Corner). Figure 1. Red Blood Cells in different concentrations of solutions. The purpose of this experiment was to simulate the permeability of cell membranes to glucose, starch, and iodine using dialysis tubing. Using the Iodine test we were able to detect the presence of starch, and Benedicts reagent denoted the presence of glucose. We knew that the dialysis bag would allow some small substances to pass through it, but stop the larger molecules. Therefore, we hypothesized that glucose and starch would be able to pass through the dialysis bag, but that iodine would be too large to permeate through. We based our prediction on our hypothesis as follows: If glucose and starch can pass through the dialysis tubing, then the contents in the beaker will turn black ND Benedicts test will be positive outside the bag. Materials ; Methods A. Plant and Animal Cell Diffusion and Osmosis (Morgan, Carter 2010) First, we examined the particles of carmine powder in an effort to better understand the Brownian movement, and the effect that the motion of the particles has on diffusion . Our class split up into groups of two; my partner set up the compound light microscope, while I prepared the carmine slide. We then observed the movement of carmine particles under the microscope, first with low power, and then on high power, and recorded the results. B. Potato Core Experiment (Morgan, carter 201 0) First, we estimated the similarity of potato tuber cells by measuring the change in the potatos weight after they were incubated in various concentrations of sucrose solutions (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 5, 0. 6 M). First, we obtained mall of distilled water, and mall of each sucrose solution-which we placed in separate mall beakers. We then used a cork borer to extract 7 cylinders of potato. We then cut them all to about 5 CM long, and removed the skin from the ends. We placed all seven potato samples in a covered Petri dish so they would not dry out. For consistency, we assigned each person their own, separate task to reform to each potato cylinder. First, one person removed the potato cylinder from the Petri dish and used a paper towel to blot. Then another person placed the potato on aluminum foil on the balance, weighed to the nearest 0. 01 grams, and recorded our results. Next, another group member cut the cylinder in half vertically and placed the pieces into the water beaker (recording the time). We then repeated the previous steps with the remaining potato cylinders, placing each one in separate beakers containing the various molarities of sucrose solutions. We let each sample incubate for about 1. To 2 hours, swirling each beaker every 10 to 15 minutes. At the end of the incubation, we removed the potato samples, and recorded the time. Starting with the first sample, we removed the potato pieces and blotted with a paper towel to remove any excess solution. We then reweighed the potato pieces and recorded the final weight. We repeated this procedure with all of the remaining samples in the order in which they were initially placed in the solutions and recorded the results. C. Dialysis Tubing Experiment (Morgan, Carter 2010) We tested the permeability of dialysis tubing to starch and glucose using the iodine test and Benedicts test . First, my partner and I prepared the dialysis bag by folding over CM of the tubing after it had soaked in water for a few minutes, and then closed the top off with a rubber band. We then opened the opposite end of the bag, and added approximately ml (4 pipettes full) of 30% glucose solution. We then added the same amount of starch solution. Next, we held the bag closed and thoroughly mixed the contents, and then recorded the color. Next, we rinsed the outside of the bag with water. We then added mall of water to a mall beaker, and added a generous amount of iodine solution to the eater until it turned a yellow/amber color (and recorded the color). Next, we placed the bag into the beaker with water for 30 minutes, allowing the untied end to hang over the edge of the beaker. After about 30 minutes, we took the bag out and let it sit for another 30 minutes in an empty, dry beaker, and recorded the color of the solution in the bag and in the beaker. Next, we tested for the presence of reducing sugars using Benedicts test. We labeled 3 test tubes: bag, beaker, and control. We put 2 pipettes of the bag solution into the bag tube, 2 pipettes of the beaker solution into the beaker tube, and pipettes of water into the water tube. We then added 1 full dropper of Benedicts reagent to each tube, placed the tubes in a boiling water bath for about 3 minutes, and then recorded our results Results In the first experiment, we examined carmine powder to become more familiar with the Brownian movement by observing particles in motion, and examined various factors that influence diffusion rates. With the microscope on high power, it was apparent that the carmine particles moved around randomly and continuously. It also seemed as though the smaller particles moved at a more rapid rate than the larger particles. B. Potato Core Experiment We placed the potato cores in cups containing different concentrations of sucrose solutions to find out if the potato would gain or loose weight. When the potato was placed in cups containing sucrose molarities of 0. 0-0. 3, the potato gained weight. When placed in sucrose molarities of 0. 5 and 0. 6, the potato lost weight.

So Youre Thinking About Becoming A Truck Driver

So Youre Thinking About Becoming A Truck Driver As we’ve said so many times on this site, if you’ve got a long attention span, a tolerance for a demanding schedule, a driver’s license and a love of life on the road, trucking can be the perfect job for you.  Nearly half of all Americans know someone who works in the trucking industry, so odds are you already have a professional contact! Long-term driving can involve from 2-4 weeks away from home on the road, which can be hard on a family- but for a born nomad, it’s a match made in heaven. You spend a lot of time alone- so introverts have an advantage- but truck stops are open 24/7 and there will always be colleagues on the road to talk to!Skills RequiredWhen asked about the crucial qualifications for their job, most drivers most often cite â€Å"long haul skills†: focused, experienced driving, the ability to adapt to all kinds of weather and other challenging conditions, and proficiency in basic servicing for your vehicle. Maintenance of your tr uck and being responsible for your own sense of professionalism often boost truckers’ self-respect and can even translate to other career fields down the road.Here are some of the skills and certifications many employers currently look for in their professional driving staff. You can acquire the basics, like a CDL license, at any of the reputable driving schools in the country. [Source: WantedAnalytics]CompensationOne of the major benefits many truckers mention is the freedom to pretty much live anywhere along their main route. And while these salaries represent the lower end of the scale, many drivers report income as high as $70K within three years of regular, full-time driving. [Source: WantedAnalytics]Job OpportunitiesTop employers include, no surprise, companies with long distance shipping needs like Lowe’s, Walmart, Nestle, and Costco. You can also function basically as a freelancer when you work with an independent company- dispatchers will put out calls for dri vers and if you’re available, you can snag the job.Some states are even exploring lowering the interstate driving age; the current regional age is 18 in many areas, but drivers aren’t allowed to cross state lines. Current legislation may change all that.And if you’re in search of perks, some trucking companies are investing in high-end, luxury-packed vehicles.  You may find there’s no place like home, and that home just happens to be on four wheels and pulling a trailer.Future prospects when you’re ready to get off the road might include being a dispatcher.  Dispatching rigs requires many of the same road-savvy skills as driving, with an added layer of multi-tasking and organizational strategies.3 Sample Job PostingsJob postings for truck drivers are fairly simple- mostly they need to know whether you can show up to pick up your load and deliver it on time.†Ã‚  TRUCK DRIVER- Athens, NY;  Village Oil is looking for a competent fuel truck driver. Full time seasonal (winter) to start, could lead to year-round employment. Salary based on experience/ability.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬  JAYLOR TRANSPORTATION  is looking for OTR drivers. We have a Team and single loads available. Loads are straight out and back. Loads are no touch, no drops. Experience necessary, clean driving record a must. Mecical benefits available. Vacation pay after the first year. Well-maintained equipment.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  LOWE’SPosition Description Responsible for planning and executing delivery activities, preparing delivery loads, following planned delivery routes, and assisting with merchandise installations or returns, unloading, installing, and checking appliances and store equipment. Also responsible for the cleanliness and standard maintenance of delivery vehicles, observing safety procedures regarding Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations, Hazmat, and power equipment tools, maintaining DOT and CDL certifications, and complying with reporting.Job Requirements Requires morning, afternoon, and evening availability any day of the week. Physical ability to move large, bulky and/or heavy merchandise. Physical ability to perform tasks that may require prolonged standing, sitting, and other activities necessary to perform job duties.Minimum Qualifications Valid Class A (with air brake endorsement) license Ability to read, write, and perform basic arithmetic (addition, subtraction). Minimum 21 years of agePreferred Qualifications 3 months experience operating a forklift or Moffett onloading/offloading a vehicle. 1 year experience driving a semi-truck/trailer OR certification from a driving school. 6 months experience performing in-home delivery OR retail customer service.â€Å"  Whether you find the prospect of long hours of your own company appealing or want to see more of the country before settling into a driving occupation closer to home, explore trucking- see if it’s the right lane for you!

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Human Resources - Essay Example The project makes a thorough analysis of the firm’s internal HR conditions and requirements based on which it presents certain recommendations. Recommendations put forth are in view of employment of HR planning in the organization, job analysis and developing job designs and descriptions. This is followed by the recommendation of a complete recruitment and selection process for Twinkle Tows Two. Finally a training and development strategy is prescribed for the organization for the development of staffs recruited to perform efficiently in their respective skills. Human Resource Planning to determine the desired staffing position for Twinkle Toes Two Before the development and application of any strategy human resource planning is required. This is because it is crucial to make an analysis of the present and future expected business conditions in order to ensure the organization’s success. ... Since a number of staffing problems were encountered during the previous establishment it is expected that staffing would require extra analysis and focus this time, which would consequently require a thorough human resource planning strategy for the organization. Moreover the organization seeks to keep facilities for accommodating 10 babies under the aged below one year, 10 children between one and three years, and fifteen children between three and six years of age. There are also long term plans of school holiday programs for children between six and nine years of age. Thus there is requirement for at least 5 childcare workers for children in the organization along with 1 receptionist, 5 general cleaning and maintenance staffs, and 3 cooks. Human resource planning is required in view of developing estimating expenses associated with recruitment of staffs against the expected revenues to be generated by the organization. It also includes training equipments costs along with wages a nd salaries of staffs and employees. Planning is required for ensuring that human resource management strategies in the organization is appropriate for maximizing productivity and profitability of the organization and making it sustainable in the market (Schuler & Jackson, 1987, p.207). Job Analysis for designing the specific jobs Job analysis is required for developing the skill requirements for the particular jobs which is consequently required for staffing of candidates in the organization. Job analysis of a childcare workers’ position reveals responsibilities such as planning and implementing programs for taking care of babies and kids. Their responsibilities include development and safety of these children, being respectful of parents as well as their children and

Responding to classmates' work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Responding to classmates' work - Essay Example The whole reference about Palestine Liberation Organization, bombings, shootings and suicide all refer to the routine lives which the western world does not understand. Thus MIA, like other artists all over the world, uses the entertainment platform to educate the audience about their problems which they cannot through any other means. I would like to say that culture and identities are all created to keep one's own interests in check. Since the resources in the world are scarce, people had to create their own identities to stamp their names on a particular resource to keep it safe from others. Thus my belief is anti-Tomlinson that 'cultural identity is a victim, not product, of globalization'. As a rationalist I believe that everybody selfishly thinks about oneself and protects ones resources. Having British accents in the movie is a sign that the 'universe parallel to our own' will have people that are just like the people in UK thus showing enforcing the superiority of the UK. Now since the flow of information is universal due to globalization, it is even more important for people to protect their own interests. Thus cultural or group identities are indeed becoming ever more meaningful as entities themselves. Globalization is a worldwide phenomenon yet the western world is involved in it than the eastern.

Console games vs Pc games Essay Example for Free

Console games vs Pc games Essay Let’s start with the console’s themselves. Maybe you’ve heard it before, but some people say PC-gaming is dying. Can PC games still compete with Console games? Gamers have never been so spoiled for choice. While the console vs. PC war has been around for ages, consoles today have bridged the gap by finally providing decent multiplayer capabilities. Is this the end of the PC as the dominant gaming machine? Gaming has been around for a long time. It is serious business nowadays. With a host of companies creating everything from award-winning games to those collaborating with businesses on workforce training and development, the area is poised for continued success. And we are creating this success by buying all kinds of games. So what is the difference between the total price of playing games on a console or on a PC? While it is possible to get a PC at about the same cost of a console, it would be such a stripped down version that it wouldnt be able to play the latest games. Consoles such as the Nintendo Wii, PS3 and Xbox360 still offer the best price in terms of gaming power. Even if you buy a 800 pounds PC, it would only be able to play the latest games for about three years. If you look only at the three biggest consoles, the Nintendo Wii is the cheapest console, starting at about 180 pounds. The Xbox 360 will cost you about 200 pounds and a Playstation 3 about 250 pounds. Certainly the Xbox 360 and the PS3 would be able to play the latest games for many more years. Well, there actually is a way to expand the time you can play games on your PC, but it will only cost you more money. A PC has the availability to upgrade. For example, you can change the graphics card for a newer one. This is the most important part of a PC for playing games. This will not cost you as much as buying a total new PC, but in total it will still be way more expansive than a console. But one thing is cheaper for the PC-gamers in comparison to for example Xbox 360-gamers and that is that you have to pay to play online multiplayer games on a Xbox. In most situations this will be free for a PC game. So maybe you are asking now if there are any more advances of playing games on a PC instead of a console. Of course there are. There are still way more games available for the PC than for consoles. On a PC with windows as operating system, you can play like almost every game that exist for windows, even older versions of windows. But on a console you probably can’t play previous generation games. When for example the first PS3 was announced it actually could play PS2 games, but Sony removed this option quite quick. Another reason to play games on a PC is that if you have a very expansive PC it can probably play games with better graphics, but at that point you are limited to the games that are already playable. Future games will probably need a better pc to play it on full resolution. A PC is also the only option for playing big online games where thousands of people can meet each other online, like World of Warcraft. This just isn’t possible (yet) on consoles. You’re choice for playing games on a console or a PC can also depent on the controller. Whereas you play with the traditional keyboard and mouse on a PC, you can play with other kinds of controllers on consoles. The Wii is the best example of that with the motion sensitive Wii remote. There is also a different kind of consoles for playing ‘on the road’. These are called handhelds and aren’t very powerfull, but their advantage is their portability.

The Plight of the Black Seminoles Essay examples -- American America H

The Plight of the Black Seminoles Scattered throughout the Southwest and into Northern Mexico, descendants of the Black Seminoles and Maroons are living in this modern world today. Over one hundred years ago, the U.S. government seemed determined to systematically eliminate the Native Americans and manipulate the descendants of the Black slaves. That imperialistic attitude allowed the policies of the U.S. government to treat groups of people with less respect and concern than they treated their livestock. To understand the plight of the Black Seminoles one has to look back in history to slavery days of the Southern states, and at tribal changes of the Florida Natives. At the beginning of the eighteenth century Native Americans from various groups went into Spanish Florida, establishing a new identity as Seminoles (Littlefield 7). The Seminoles broke off from the Creek tribe. The word Seminole means, "one who has camped out from the regular towns," or "runaway" (Markowitz 213)." Black slaves also fled to the open territory of Florida. The Seminoles who owned slaves did not do so in the traditional plantation style of bondage. The Blacks (who were also known as Maroons) were not subordinate to their chiefs (Laurence 30). The distinction between runaway or, slave, blurred and eventually vanished. Blacks who lived among the Seminoles were useful as interpreters because they spoke English, or some other European language, and they soon learned the Seminole Muskogean dialect. The slaves who fled to Florida as adults knew the ways of whites and could often predict behavior of a particular situation. Thus the association between Blacks and Seminoles was one of affection and mutual respect (Laurence 14). Intermarriage inevit... ...ribes, and the unfavorable conditions of the Indian Territory of Oklahoma, but they managed to survive. The fact that they were not completely eradicated and still have descendants living today is a testimony to their tenacity, bravery, and enduring strength of spirit. Works Cited Champagne,Duane.Chronology of Native North American History.Detroit,1994. Laurence,Foster.Negro-Indian Relationships in the Southeast. University of Pennsylvania,1931. Littlefield,Daniel.Africans and Seminoles from Removal to Emancipation.Westport,CT:Greenwood,1977. Markowitz,Harvey."Trail of Tears".American Indians.Pasadena, CA.Salem Press,1995. Mulroy,Kevin.Freedom on the Border.Lubbock,Tx.Texas Tech,1993. Porter,Wiggens,Kenneth.The Black Seminoles.University Press, Florida,1996. Waldman,Carl.Who Was Who in Native American History.New York, NY.Facts On File,1990.

Advertising white chocolate

This advert will aim at introducing white chocolate in the Indian market. The following is a brief about the advisement.White chocolate is a portfolio of the Cadbury chocolate. Unlike the other chocolate which are dark purple in appearance, white chocolate comes in white milky color.   It also comes in different sizes starting with 45 gram bars, 100 gram bars, and 250 gram bars or the King size bar.   It is mostly preferred dues to it color and its grainy texture which turns very smooth in the mouth.(ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advertising objectivesThe following will be the objectives of this advertisement putting into consideration that this will be the first time the product will be appearing in the market.; ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Induce trail usage of the product ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intensify usage of the   product ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Build a personality brand appeal ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Generate sales lead(iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Target marketAccording to the market research data, it has been shown that white chocolate is famous among the female segment of the population. However chocolate is famous among children and therefore this advertisement will be target both market. It will be aiming at reaching both the female adult population and children(iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positioning statementThis advisement will be aiming to create a brand personality around the dream. Therefore it will be expressed in such a way that it appear to the most female characteristic so that they can associate themselves with the brand.In order to create positioning through association, the advertisement the following position statement;‘My white chocolate, my dream’(v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Key messagesThere are key message that will e expressed in this advertisement. Key among them will be the aim of creating a close association with the brand. The advertisement will look to appeal to the female market segment by associated with most of the characteristics that they like.For example the advisement will be produced in blue and white colors which have been found favorite among women.The other message that the advertisement will be taking across to the consumer is price advantage. Although there is not close competitor in the white chocolate market, it is clear that the chocolate the dark chocolate has dominated the market. Therefore it will be looking at appealing to the population to consider switching on to the white chocolate due to its price advantage.Media planThe marketing plan will use three channels for advertisement. These will include broadcast media, print media, and internet.

Swot Analysis of Safaricom

mplemented effectively, have the greatest impact. Regardless of the scope of your marketing plan, you must keep in mind that it is a fluid document. Every business needs to begin with a well structured plan that is based in thorough research, competitive positioning and attainable outcomes. Your plan should be the basis for your activities over the coming months. However, you should always be willing to enhance or redirect your plan based on what proves successful. Marketing Plan Basics 1. Market Research Collect, organize, and write down data about the market that is currently buying the product(s) or service(s) you will sell.Some areas to consider: * Market dynamics, patterns including seasonality * Customers – demographics, market segment, target markets, needs, buying decisions * Product – what's out there now, what's the competition offering * Current sales in the industry * Benchmarks in the industry * Suppliers – vendors that you will need to rely on 2. Ta rget Market Find niche or target markets for your product and describe them. Ads by Google Choose Gmail Free Email by Google Switch to Gmail, Sign up now! Mail. Google. com Construction Projects Construction & Infrastructure Projects, Sample the Service Now BusinessMonitor. com/AfricaSWOT Analysis Tool Get a free 30 day trial of Mindjet and create SWOT Analysis easily. www. Mindjet. com Be Brilliant @ EMarketing Over 50 eMarketing Tools.. SAVE over 25% -Nairobi Training www. dolphinsgroup. co. ke 3. Product Describe your product. How does your product relate to the market? What does your market need, what do they currently use, what do they need above and beyond current use? 4. Competition Describe your competition. Develop your â€Å"unique selling proposition. † What makes you stand apart from your competition? What is your competition doing about branding? 5. Mission Statement Write a few sentences that state: â€Å"Key market† – who you're selling to * †Å"Contribution† – what you're selling * â€Å"Distinction† – your unique selling proposition 6. Market Strategies Write down the marketing and promotion strategies that you want to use or at least consider using. Strategies to consider: * Networking – go where your market is * Direct marketing – sales letters, brochures, flyers * Advertising – print media, directories * Training programs – to increase awareness * Write articles, give advice, become known as an expert * Direct/personal selling * Publicity/press releases * Trade shows * Web site 7. Pricing, Positioning and BrandingFrom the information you've collected, establish strategies for determining the price of your product, where your product will be positioned in the market and how you will achieve brand awareness. 8. Budget Budget your dollars. What strategies can you afford? What can you do in house, what do you need to outsource. 9. Marketing Goals Establish quantifiab le marketing goals. This means goals that you can turn into numbers. For instance, your goals might be to gain at least 30 new clients or to sell 10 products per week, or to increase your income by 30% this year. Your goals might include sales, profits, or customer's satisfaction. 0. Monitor Your Results Test and analyze. Identify the strategies that are working. * Survey customers * Track sales, leads, visitors to your web site, percent of sales to impressions Related ArticlesSample Marketing PlanMarket Plan Worksheet| | By researching your markets, your competition, and determining your unique positioning, you are in a much better position to promote and sell your product or service. By establishing goals for your marketing campaign, you can better understand whether or not your efforts are generating results through ongoing review and evaluation of results.As mentioned earlier in this article, be sure to use your plan as a living document. Successful marketers continually review the status of their campaigns against their set objectives. This ensures ongoing improvements to your marketing initiatives and helps with future planning. mplemented effectively, have the greatest impact. Regardless of the scope of your marketing plan, you must keep in mind that it is a fluid document. Every business needs to begin with a well structured plan that is based in thorough research, competitive positioning and attainable outcomes. Your plan should be the basis for your activities over the coming months.However, you should always be willing to enhance or redirect your plan based on what proves successful. Marketing Plan Basics 1. Market Research Collect, organize, and write down data about the market that is currently buying the product(s) or service(s) you will sell. Some areas to consider: * Market dynamics, patterns including seasonality * Customers – demographics, market segment, target markets, needs, buying decisions * Product – what's out there now, what's the competition offering * Current sales in the industry * Benchmarks in the industry * Suppliers – vendors that you will need to rely on . Target Market Find niche or target markets for your product and describe them. Ads by Google Choose Gmail Free Email by Google Switch to Gmail, Sign up now! Mail. Google. com Construction Projects Construction & Infrastructure Projects, Sample the Service Now BusinessMonitor. com/Africa SWOT Analysis Tool Get a free 30 day trial of Mindjet and create SWOT Analysis easily. www. Mindjet. com Be Brilliant @ EMarketing Over 50 eMarketing Tools.. SAVE over 25% -Nairobi Training www. dolphinsgroup. co. ke 3. Product Describe your product. How does your product relate to the market?What does your market need, what do they currently use, what do they need above and beyond current use? 4. Competition Describe your competition. Develop your â€Å"unique selling proposition. † What makes you stand apart from your competition? What is y our competition doing about branding? 5. Mission Statement Write a few sentences that state: * â€Å"Key market† – who you're selling to * â€Å"Contribution† – what you're selling * â€Å"Distinction† – your unique selling proposition 6. Market Strategies Write down the marketing and promotion strategies that you want to use or at least consider using.Strategies to consider: * Networking – go where your market is * Direct marketing – sales letters, brochures, flyers * Advertising – print media, directories * Training programs – to increase awareness * Write articles, give advice, become known as an expert * Direct/personal selling * Publicity/press releases * Trade shows * Web site 7. Pricing, Positioning and Branding From the information you've collected, establish strategies for determining the price of your product, where your product will be positioned in the market and how you will achieve brand awareness. 8 . Budget Budget your dollars. What strategies can you afford?What can you do in house, what do you need to outsource. 9. Marketing Goals Establish quantifiable marketing goals. This means goals that you can turn into numbers. For instance, your goals might be to gain at least 30 new clients or to sell 10 products per week, or to increase your income by 30% this year. Your goals might include sales, profits, or customer's satisfaction. 10. Monitor Your Results Test and analyze. Identify the strategies that are working. * Survey customers * Track sales, leads, visitors to your web site, percent of sales to impressions Related ArticlesSample Marketing PlanMarket Plan Worksheet| |By researching your markets, your competition, and determining your unique positioning, you are in a much better position to promote and sell your product or service. By establishing goals for your marketing campaign, you can better understand whether or not your efforts are generating results through ongoing r eview and evaluation of results. As mentioned earlier in this article, be sure to use your plan as a living document. Successful marketers continually review the status of their campaigns against their set objectives. This ensures ongoing improvements to your marketing initiatives and helps with future planning.

Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essays

Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essays Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essay Impacts Of Tourism In Port Antonio Tourism Essay This paper seeks to place and discourse the development of the touristry industry in Port Antonio, Jamaica. Information was gathered utilizing assorted beginnings. A visit was made to Port Antonio in order to better understand how touristry was practiced in this resort country, both occupants and visitants were interviewed to acquire a feel of what was traveling on in that country and cyberspace beginnings were besides used. Tourism is the travel for recreational, leisure or concern intents. ( answers.com ) , it is the operation of holidaies and visits to topographic points of involvement. The touristry industry consists of concern facets such as adjustments, transit and installations for dining, shopping and amusement to provide to a travelers experience. ( Pileus Project ) History of Tourism in Port Antonio In 1723, Portland was officially known and recognized as parish which was named after a former Governor of Jamaica. The bing port was to be called Port Antonio and was slated to go a naval fastness. In 1729, the British built Fort George on a peninsula disjoining the twin West and east seaports known as the Ticthfield headland. The garrison was developed intended to protect in Landers from onslaughts from the Spaniards and the Maroons. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) The Maroons signed a peace pact with the British in 1739 which led to a new epoch in the development of Portland. The parish so became populated with colonists therefore the cultivation of sugar begun. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) With the development of the banana industry, Portland s lucks improved in the late nineteenth century. The type of dirt provided in Portland and add-on to its heavy rainfall suited the cultivation of banana that provided any societal category husbandman to do of net income of this industry. Banana is a type or harvest that grows quickly and can be reaped in one twelvemonth clip. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Lorenzo Dow Baker is the adult male who was single-handedly responsible for the exportation of banana in the 1870s. During this period Jamaica s production of sugar was diminishing and in the wink of an oculus, their protected market was finished. Therefore a new harvest for export was needed and that was where Baker came in to play. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) In 1688, a well-known phytologist by the name of Sir Hans Sloane, laminitis of the British Museum jotted the being of bananas in Jamaica. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Baker inspired Jamaicans to cultivate banana with the challenge, the first adult male who has ten acre of bananas will be rich! His bananas were so sold for about US $ 3 each in Boston. In 1879 Lorenzo Baker became the advocator for a new transportation company that allowed him to increase his transit of bananas. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Lorenzo Baker began utilizing his steam engines to transport tourers and bananas which was the lone mean of going to and from Jamaica to other states in those times. As visits to Jamaica increased, in the 1900s Mr. Baker created the amazing Titchfield Hotel located on Titchfield Hill that rapidly became popularized with tourer therefore doing Portland to go the topographic point where Tourism foremost started in Jamaica. The hotel became recognized for its afternoon tea on the plaza and cleaning in bath houses. The hotel was one time claimed to be owned by Errol Flynn, a celebrated daredevil. Errol had died before farther developing the attractive force. The hotel was destroyed by a fire in the sixtiess so presently, merely the remains of this historic landmark still stands. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) In 1903, Portland experienced a black hurricane that demolished Fieldss of banana.In 1929, Farmers of Banana assembled and formed the Jamaica Banana Producers Association. Members of this association operated as one to procure their independency, place and controk in the Trade from other immense rivals. With aid from the authorities, few old ages along, the Jamaica Producers Association was managing an abundant part of the trade and by runing their ain transportation company. In 1936 the Association became a privatized but is still operated by banana husbandmans. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) The banana industry drastically increased with three hundred and 55 1000 metric tons of export in 1936 but few old ages down the line it died. Currently, the Jamaica Producers Group of Companies with the aid of All Island Banana Growers Association continues to provide to the involvements of the island s husbandmans of bananas. ( Pieces of the yesteryear, 2002 ) Types of Tourism practiced in Port Antonio Impacts of Tourism in Port Antonio Environmental Impact Tourism has frequently flourished in this parish. Because of its natural attractive forces, any enlargement into this sensitive country might damage the environment. Port Antonio is extremely dependent on its natural resources from which it generates its income. In this parish s present province, the landforms and H2O organic structures caters to the home grounds for many workss and animate beings ; nevertheless there is demand to develop proper resource direction systems relevant to the inflow of tourer. When it rains it gives exuberant flora but besides leads to drainage jobs to tourist countries. ( Mcintosh ) Port Antonio offers an enrapturing holiday experience even though it s still in demand of proper substructure. Hurricane Sandy has cause terrible harm to the environment in Portland but with aid from the authorities Port Antonio has managed to acquire back on its pess. Other environmental impacts include: pollution, torment to visitants, air and noise pollution and deforestation. Social Impact The civilization and the local population s values are respected every bit good as the community s individuality. There are several historical memorials there which they are seeking to continue. One of the more of import societal facet is the betterment in the services and installations, bays, Parkss, conveyance, etc. On the negative side, the occupants have become retainers of the tourer and this has created bitterness towards the visitants and appears countries of societal tenseness. Because touristry involves going from one finish to another, tourers will come across run intoing new persons of different civilizations and as a consequence, cultural contentions may sometime occur between individuals of different faith, cultural group or more. More so, the attitude towards tourers by local abode may fluctuate. Residents may get down of welcoming to the visitants but so develop certain bitterness towards them. ( Coast learn ) Economic This speaks to factors such as employment, income, involvement rate, productiveness and wealth. Current development in the travel and touristry trade reinforces trends towards a more inexpensive and flexible employment conditions. Children are sometimes recruited for such occupations, because they are inexpensive and flexible employees ( Coast learn ) All affecting member ( the citizens, the touristry industry and the visitants ) have invested involvement in the direction of the environmental resource base and a responsibility to make their portion to back up this direction. If the environment is degraded all parties stand to lose visitants will neglect to come ( or will be willing to pay less ) and the states will lose an of import beginning of economic benefit. In other words the environment will bring forth decreased economic, ecological, and agreeableness benefits. ( Edwards, 2009 ) Role of touristry centres A touristry information Centre is an organisational construction where workers assist tourers, locally and internationally with the engagements of adjustments, rubber-necking and transit services. ( Hayward, Marvell, Reynolds, A ; Stewart, 2005 ) The Jamaica Tourist Board, established in 1955 has on three subdivisions located across the island ( Kingston, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios ) . The function of the Jamaica Tourist Board is to market and endorse Jamaica as a finish. ( Jamaica Tourist Board ) Presently there are no touristry boards or centres located in Port Antonio harmonizing to a representative working at the Jamaica Tourist Board Information Centre, but I do believe there is a demand for one in that peculiar locality and every parish to be exact being as how they operate as a usher for serving tourers who may desire to research the country. Tourists are traveling to necessitate information of attractive forces that suit their involvement to see and how to acquire at that place. Therefore, the development of one would be most convenient for them. Manners of transits Port Antonio is accessible by land, air and sea but the most favourable manner is by land. There s a transit centre that extends along the waterfront where coachs and taxis leave on a regular basis, transportations from the airdrome to this country is offered by JUTA. Ken Jones Aerodrome ( 913-3173 ) located 9km West of Port Antonio, no longer having flights from Air Jamaica Express at last visit. These yearss the lone entrance flights are private planes and hired flights of International Airlink and TimAir. Most upscale hotels offer free transportations to and from the Ken Jones Aerodrome for invitees. ( Alone planet ) The Errol Flynn Marina, accessible by sea, offers imposts clearance for private vass ( Lonely planet ) . This marina is besides being used by the seashore guards of a nearby constabulary station. Support Services in Port Antonio Tourism is a really of import portion of Jamaica s economic system. Peoples from all over the universe travel to Jamaica for vacation annually to see the island s pleasant clime, twelvemonth unit of ammunition sunlight, the lovely white sand beaches and beautiful landscapes. Port Antonio is a major resort country in the state of Jamaica. Many might non cognize that touristry was chiefly started in this country and is still a chief resort where tourer from all over the Earth wants to see. Port Antonio, which is the capital of Portland, has all the necessary support services to ease touristry. The country has many attractive forces, equal transit for tourer travel and many eating houses that tourer would wish to banquet at. The country besides provides keen adjustment for tourer stay. One of the hotels located in Port Antonio is the Goblin Hill Villas. This resort is a really fantastic and pleasant topographic point for tourer. Many tourers, when sing Jamaica and desire to remain in Port Antonio, make reserves to remain at the Goblin Hill Villas. The resort offers many installations to act upon tourer stay. One of these installations includes: a white sand beach protected by a coral reef, perfect for snorkeling. It was said by a visitant to the hotel, on t rip adviser, that beautiful belongings, full of character . Most tourist visit Jamaica to see the fantastic attractive forces, do Jamaican activities or merely to populate the Jamaican life style that they hear about. In Port Antonio there are many attractive forces and activities that tourer would love to see for themselves. Most tourers, when sing this resort country in Jamaica, make it a responsibility to hold the experience of rafting the Rio Grande River. Rafting on the Rio Grande River was purportedly started by the legendary Hollywood star, Errol Flynn, to entertain his invitee. Rafting on the Rio Grande is safe, and is done by a skilled, accredited raft captain. While tourers are on their rafting escapade on the Rio Grande River, they will go through through lover s lane ; this is besides a tourer favourite. Rio Grande rafting provides some of the most beautiful positions in Jamaica and on your 3 hr, 6 mile escapade ; you will certainly hold on cognition of the fantastic island of Jamaica. Another favourite attractive force of tourer who visits the Port Antonio resort country is the Boston bay beach. Boston bay beach is celebrated throughout Jamaica and even the universe, but non for its white pearly sand, nor for its clear and beautiful H2O, but chiefly for the nutrient. Boston bay is said to be the topographic point where dork nutrient was originated from. When tourer are in the resort country of Port Antonio and are hungry for some tasty dork nutrient, this would be the topographic point they instead to travel. Boston bay hosts the Portland dork festival one time a twelvemonth. Boston bay beach is besides said to be a good known breaker topographic point, possibly even be the best in Jamaica. The bluish laguna is the following major attractive force in the resort country of Port Antonio. The bluish laguna is a natural laguna, located seven stat mis east of Port Antonio. The laguna was thought of to be bottomless, but frogmans have discovered that it is 180 pess in deepness. Tourist from all over will seek to see the bluish laguna to see the beauty of the laguna or merely to take a swim in it. The most attractive characteristic of the laguna is its cryptic bluish coloring material, which changes throughout the twenty-four hours, depending on where the Sun is. If you spend a twenty-four hours on the bluish laguna, you will see a color alteration of turquoise to sapphire. The Blue hole was the original name of the site, but because of the cinematography of the move Blue Lagoon, the name was so changed. The bluish laguna has attracted many tourers from all over the universe sing Jamaica. No affair which resort country tourer corsets, they tend to desire to do a trip to the Bl ue Lagoon. Great huts in another delighting hotel in the resort country of Port Antonio. It is located in Boston bay, near to the Boston bay beach. Great huts Villa is really different from most hotels. Alternatively of the normal modern, mundane hotel suites, great hut gives to the tourers huts that are really comfy and looks really antique. There are now windows in the suites at Great huts, the suites are merely unfastened to nature. Staying at Great huts Villa, you will besides acquire a beautiful position of the ocean, merely outside your window is the Boston bay beach. Great huts Villa provide installations such as a swimming pool, a library and wash installations etc. comfortss include: in-room massage, housework, arrange of nuptials services, providing etc. Great huts Villa is the right topographic point for you, if you want something different and off from the normal tourer finishs. Port Antonio provides equal transit services to ease touristry in the country. One such agencies of transit is auto leases. Most travellers will lease a vehicle before they arrive in Port Antonio, to do their travel easier and more comfy. It is easier to acquire through Port Antonio than other resort countries such as Montego Bay and Ocho Rios. Another agency of transit that is carried out in Port Antonio is the cab services. Not as many taxis are in Port Antonio as the other resort countries, but this is still the most popular manner of transit for visitants. Cab rates in this resort country are done by auto, non by rider. Menus would be every bit low as US $ 5-7 for 10 stat mis, so a tourer must hold to a set monetary value by the cab driver, before vehicle moves off to the needed finish. Bus service is another popular agencies of transit that is provided in Port Antonio. This means of transit can be palling, slow and crowded. Majority of the coachs does nt incorporate air conditioning and this could be a negative stimulation for tourer who chose this agencies of travel. Bus menu is about US $ 1 for 30-40 stat mis. This means of transit is chiefly used by tourer to research and acquire familiar with the country and its attractive forces. Guided canopy Tourss will be provided for travelers of all ages and fittingness degrees. The Tourss will transport visitants to historic locations in the locality such as Mooretown, working banana plantations and local waterfalls. There are many eating houses in the resort country of Port Antonio that tourer like to travel, but harmonizing to trip adviser, a topographic point called Bush Bar is the figure one eating house, ranked by tourers. The Bush Bar eating house is located at the Geejam hotel. They serve an mixture of Continental and Jamaican culinary arts. The eating house besides has a beautiful position of the ocean in Port Antonio. Another celebrated eating house in the country is the Juicy Beef Patties. Tourists love to eat cakes and the Juicy Beef Patty eating house would be the perfect eating house for patty lovers on holiday in the resort country of Port Antonio. The Juicy Beef Patty eating house is ranked figure three on trip adviser for eating houses in the resort country of Port Antonio. Selling of Port Antonio Port Antonio is marketed through a well-known traveling web site created by the Jamaica Tourist Board where they promote the country through excessive exposure and picture. They provide possible travellers with entree to brief descriptions of the locality every bit good as a list of assorted merchandises and services available within the country such attractive forces, adjustments, eating houses, activities and events to capture the tourer s involvement. ( JTB Information Portal ) Decision Based on what we have seen, heard and read we can safely state that Port Antonio is one of the best resort country in Jamaica. It is all reserved, natural and rich in history. The lone thing left for possible tourers to make is to travel and see it for themselves.

Outlining for Writers Who Hate to Outline - Freewrite Store

Outlining for Writers Who Hate to Outline - Freewrite Store Cate Dean has been writing for far longer than she cares to admit. She has published over 40 books and novellas, and is best known for her paranormal series, The Claire Wiche Chronicles, as well as her cozy mystery series, The Maggie Mulgrew Mysteries. Outlining. It’s just a word – but, oh, can it leave you shaking in your chair, staring at a blank screen, sweat trickling down your back. I’ve been where you are – multiple times. Every time I read an article about outlining, I squelched the desperate cries of my pantser, and tried the latest technique. The result was always the same: wasted hours, and miserable failure. That failure would send me straight back to my pantsing ways, and my long, messy drafts. It was more work, but I was so much happier without the ball and chain of an outline. If you’ve spent any time on writer’s forums, or in any writing group, you know that the pantser vs. outliner battle has been long and fierce. Each side claims that their way is the best way, the only way. But – what if there was a third option? A way to outline that didn’t kill your creative spark, and actually improved your word count? Ah ha! Now I’ve got your attention. But I’m a Pantser! Outlining will ruin my creative process! I hear you. I had the same rally cry, the same reaction every time another â€Å"perfect† outline process was making the rounds. I was a pantser, for years. Like I said above, outlining never worked for me. After taking all that time, and writing out every detail of my world, my plot, and my characters, I was so sick of the story that I no longer wanted to write it. Sound familiar? If every attempt you’ve made to outline has been a time-sucking, creativity-sucking disaster, you’re nodding your head right now. You’re probably also ready to click to the next post, before I mention that evil word again. Give me another minute, before you run away. I’m here to tell you, as a former pantser, that there is a way to outline that won’t ruin your creative process. Quite the opposite, in fact. Let me tell you how I became an outline convert – for good. Why I started outlining - and why you should as well It was 2012, and I’d just self-published my first novella. I was nervous, excited, and ready to take the next step – writing the first book of a potential series. My biggest obstacle was working a 12-hour day, with only weekends and holidays to do any serious writing. As a pantser, I knew it would take me forever to get the first draft written, and even longer to clean it up enough to send to an editor. To add even more pressure, I gave an actual deadline to my new author friend, and now I had to meet that deadline. I had been reading about story structure, and discovered that even though I made stories up as I went along, I instinctively understood the flow of a story, and what needed to go where. I’ve been writing for a long time (since I was seven), and making up full-blown, multi-plot stories in my head for almost as long. I’ve literally had years of practice creating stories. So, I took that knowledge, and story structure, and started writing stuff down. My first effort was a long process. It included index cards, loads of notes, and a template that took days to fill out. The result was an outline that let me write my first book in three weeks. Yes, you read that right. It may have taken longer than I wanted to work out the logistics of the outline, but having all the pieces in place let me fly through the story. It was the first book of what is still my bestselling series, The Claire Wiche Chronicles. To say I was excited would be an understatement. I was flying – and I had a few people read that book, just to make sure I wasn’t imagining that I actually had a good story. As a side note, they were all reading a first draft. I literally typed the last paragraphs and sent it off, more scared than I’ve ever been in my life. If it had been a pre-outline first draft, I never would have let anyone see it – not until it had been through multiple editing passes. An outline from a former pantser Since that first experience, I’ve been honing and refining my outline, to make it fast, easy, and a pleasure to do. Never thought you’d see outline and pleasure in the same sentence, did you? What I use now is a quick, one page, bullet point outline, based on story structure. It takes me a couple of hours to fill out. Ready to give it a try? I call it my outline for outline-phobes – like me. This is what it looks like: inciting incident – (this is when something changes, aka when the story really starts) plot point 1 – (this is where you establish the story question – where the MC’s life changes forever) pinch point 1 – (the opposition pokes back) plot point 2 – (new information allows the MC to start acting instead of reacting – i.e. running around like a wild chicken) pinch point 2 – (the opposition strikes back – hard and ugly) plot point 3 – (this is the big push for the third act – normally, there’s no new info after this point, but this isn’t set in stone) black moment– (worst thing ever – stick your character in a tree, then light it on fire) resolution – (get them out of the tree – without a deus ex machina move) Not so scary, is it? To make the process even easier, create a template that you can use over and over. Then you just copy/paste it to the top of your document, every time you start a new story or book. Easy to reference, and you can delete or cross out a scene once you finish it. An extra tip: use each bullet point to create a chapter. I’ve been doing this with my last few books, and it really helps with both flow and not writing deadly long chapters. Don’t be hard on yourself when you first tackle this outline. Remember, I’ve been writing for years, and I usually have the whole story already in my head by the time I get to the actual outline. Take as long as you need, and understand that this will be a fluid document. You will be adding, changing, or moving things around as you get into the actual writing. That’s where the real fun begins. Watching your story come to life, discovering fun surprises along the way, and having a tight, exciting story will hook you. Before you know it, you won’t start a new story – you’ll start the outline for a new story. And there you have it – an outline that can actually be enjoyable. The power of this outline is that it leaves you plenty of room for creativity, maybe step off the story path. You’ll always have a map to find your way back. It will also streamline your writing, and as a bonus, it will probably add to your daily word count. Knowing where you’re headed in a story makes your imagination fly. Your fingers might just have a hard time keeping up. Outlining can be so overwhelming, especially for those of you who shudder at the memory of the convoluted, multi-level outlines you were forced to create in high school. My simple outline takes away all the fear, and puts back in all the fun. Do you have your own method of outlining that works for you? I’d love to hear about it! Please share with us in the comments. Now, go forth and outline your next opus with confidence. cheers, ~Cate       Cate Dean an author, a travel addict, and a rabid Anglophile.  She grew up losing herself in the wilds of fantasy worlds, and has had some of her own adventures while tromping through the UK, and a few other parts of the world.  A lover of all things supernatural, she infuses that love into her stories, giving them a unique edge.  When she's not writing, she loves cooking, scaring herself silly in the local cemeteries, and reading pretty much anything she can get her hands on.

Oil in Venezuela Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Oil in Venezuela - Research Paper Example Despite the knowledge of oil for ages the, the first oil wells were not drilled up until 1910s. According to McBeth (2005) asserts that when Juan .V. Gomez took the reigns of power in 1908, he granted several concessions to explore, produce and refine oil. Most of these concessions were actually given to his closest allies, and they in turn passed them over to foreign oil companies that could develop them. From 1914 to 1917, more oil fields were discovered across the nation. By the end of 1918, petroleum had appeared for the very first time in Venezuelan export’s statistics at 21,194 metric tonnes (Martinez, 1979). After 20 years, Venezuela became the largest oil exporter in the whole world and second largest oil producer after the United States of America. This led to an influx of foreign investors. By 1929, with the nation being the second largest oil producer in the world. Currently, Venezuela is the fifth largest oil exporting nation in the world, with the largest reserves of both conventional oil in the western hemisphere and non-conventional oil. This fact is very immense importance to the understanding of Venezuela because it has shaped the country’s political, economical, cultural, and historical scenes (Wilpart, 2003). Venezuela has 77.2 billion barrels of proven conventional oil reserves, the largest in any state in the Western Hemisphere. Approximately 267 barr els of this might be producible at current prices utilising the current technology. Venezuela was the first country to make a move towards the establishment of the Oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC). It approached Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Gabon, and Libya in 1949, but OPEC was not set up until 1960. This was when the United States forced import quotas on the Persian and Venezuelan Gulf oil so as to support the Canadian and Mexican oil industries (Martinez, 1979). In 1973, OPEC wielded its first power with the 1973 oil embargo against Western Europe and the United States. Discussion Economy In Venezuela, there was dramatic development of the oil industry, and the oil sector commenced to dominate all other economic sectors in the country. On the other hand, agricultural production began to decline slowly. Agriculture accounted for about one third of the economic production in 1920. According to Yergin (1999) argues that this sudden change increases attention on oil and ne glecting the agricultural sector causing the Venezuelan economy to suffer from a phenomenon referred by economists as the â€Å"Dutch disease†. The occurrence of this disease is manifested when a commodity brings substantial increase in income in one sector, resulting in strengthening of the currency which in turn harms exports of the other manufacturing sectors. This increased sectoral income has caused a distorted growth in services and other non-tradables, which can not be imported whilst discouraging the production of tradables, which are actually imported. The reason for this disparity is that, greater income dramatically raises the demand for imports because the domestic market production can not meet the production quickly enough. This raises the demand for services of which the domestic market has to supply because the services can not be easily imported as the tradables. When one looks at the extent to which there has been increased oil production and income, which w as followed by a corresponding steady decrease in agricultural production, one can clearly observe the symptoms of Dutch disease in the Venezuelan economy. This resulted in a delay in industrialization. The other Dutch disease symptoms are evident in the constant